New-onset type 1 diabetes and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a condition characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin. Loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet ß cells is one of the many causes of T1D. Viral infections have long been associated with new-onset T1D and the balance between virulence and host immunity determines whether the viral infection would lead to T1D. Herein, we detail the dynamic interaction of pancreatic ß cells with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the host immune system with respect to new-onset T1D. Importantly, ß cells express the crucial entry receptors and multiple studies confirmed that ß cells are infected by SARS-CoV-2. Innate immune system effectors, such as natural killer cells, can eliminate such infected ß cells. Although CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T (TREG ) cells provide immune tolerance to prevent the destruction of the islet ß-cell population by autoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells, it can be speculated that SARS-CoV-2 infection may compromise self-tolerance by depleting TREG -cell numbers or diminishing TREG -cell functions by repressing Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) expression. However, the expansion of ß cells by self-duplication, and regeneration from progenitor cells, could effectively replace lost ß cells. Appearance of islet autoantibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in a few cases, which could imply a breakdown of immune tolerance in the pancreatic islets. However, many of the cases with newly diagnosed autoimmune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection also presented with significantly high HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) levels that indicated progression of an already set diabetes, rather than new-onset T1D. Here we review the potential underlying mechanisms behind loss of functional ß-cell mass as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection that can trigger new-onset T1D.

Immune response and possible therapeutics in COVID-19

COVID-19 has emerged as a pandemic affecting about 213 countries in all the continents of the globe, resulting in more than 37.8 million individuals getting infected and over 1.08 million deaths worldwide, jeopardizing global human health and the economy. This presents an urgent need to develop therapies that target the SARS-CoV2 virus specifically. This review aims at presenting the available information on the coronavirus disease 2019 along with various drugs that are having widespread use until a vaccine candidate is available to aid in the development of therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. While the world stands a witness to the havoc of COVID-19, we must continue our quest of exploring various small molecule drugs and biologics as therapeutic strategies to fight the pandemic.